رفتار ملل کاملة ‌الوداد و توسعۀ سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی در انرژی تجدیدپذیر

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، پژوهشگر مستقل.

2 استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.

3 وکیل پایه یک دادگستری کانون وکلای مرکز، دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق اروپا، دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه تورین، تورین، ایتالیا.

10.22133/mtlj.2024.392435.1192

چکیده

امروزه توسعۀ انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر به‌منزلۀ راهکاری برای مقابله با گرمایش زمین و تغییرات اقلیمی پذیرفته شده است. اما توسعۀ انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر بدون جذب سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی دشوار خواهد بود. خصوصاً این‌که بسیاری از دولت‌های درحال‌ توسعه از منابع مالی و فناوری‌های لازم بهره‌مند نیستند. توسعۀ سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی در تمامی حوزه‌های اقتصادی متأثر از موافقت‌نامه‌های بین‌المللی سرمایه‌گذاری است. این موافقت‌نامه‌ها استانداردهای ماهوی و شکلی را مقرر می‌دارند که هریک از این استانداردها به‌نوبۀ خود در توسعۀ سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی دخیل است. رفتار ملل کاملة الوداد از جملۀ این استانداردهاست که در نظام حقوق بین‌الملل سرمایه‌گذاری و همچنین حقوق تجارت بین‌الملل از اهمیت بسزائی برخوردار است. اما کارایی این استاندارد در موافقت‌نامه‌های سرمایه‌گذاری و کیفیت چندجانبه‌سازی مقررات موافقت‌نامه‌های بین‌المللی سرمایه‌گذاری همواره مورد اختلاف حقوق‌دانان و محاکم داوری بوده است؛ از این‌رو بررسی کارآمدی این استاندارد رفتاری به‌ویژه در حوزۀ انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر اهمیت می‌یابد. این مقاله با شیوۀ توصیفی تحلیلی و با روش کتابخانه‌ای به‌دنبال پاسخ به این سؤال است که «شرط ملل کاملة الوداد در موافقت‌نامه‌های بین‌المللی سرمایه‌گذاری چه نقشی در توسعۀ سرمایه‌گذاری در حوزۀ انرژی تجدید‌پذیر دارد و چگونه کارآمدی این مقررات ارتقا می‌یابد؟». این پژوهش اثبات می‌کند که بندهای رفتار ملل کاملة الوداد قابلیت چندجانبه‌سازی مقررات و حمایت‌های حقوقی در مجموعه موافقت‌نا‌مه‌های سرمایه‌گذاری امضاشده از سوی دولت میزبان را دارد؛ از این‌رو می‌تواند حمایت‌های دوچندان و حتی مقررات مطلوب حل‌ و‌ فصل اختلافات را از آن موافقت‌نامه‌ها‌ به نفع سرمایه‌گذاران انرژی تجدیدپذیر فراهم آورد؛ اما عمدۀ موافقت‌نامه‌ها در تدوین این بندها دقت کافی نداشته‌اند و محاکم نیز رویکردهای ناسازگاری به این استاندارد رفتاری داشته‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Most Favoured Nation Treatment and Promotion of Foreign Investment in Renewable Energy

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Akefi Ghaziani 1
  • Moosa Akefi Ghaziani 2
  • Vahid Akefi Ghaziani 3
1 Ph.D. in International Law, Freelance Researcher
2 Assistant Prof. Department of Law, Payame Noor University (PNU).
3 Attorney at law, MA. Student in European Legal Studies, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
چکیده [English]

Today, the development of renewable energy is generally admitted as a solution to tackle global warming and climate change. However, without attracting substantial foreign investments, it will be nearly impossible to develop renewable energies, particularly in developing countries that do not have the required financial resources and technologies. Unsurprisingly, the promotion of foreign investments in all economic sectors is influenced by International Investment Agreements (IIAs). These instruments contain various substantive and procedural regulations that are individually and collectively responsible for protecting and promoting foreign investments. Among them is the Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN), a fundamental principle of international trade law. However, the exact status and efficacy of MFN in IIAs have been a controversial issue so far. Therefore, it is essential to analyse this standard and its possible contribution to promoting foreign investments in renewables. Drawing on qualitative research, this article attempts to answer the question, ‘What is the importance of MFN clauses for the promotion of foreign investments in the renewable energy sector, and how can their efficacy be enhanced?’. Since MFN has a multilateralising effect on the obligations provided in other IIAs signed by the host State, in the absence of provisions to the contrary, it may equip the foreign investors in the renewable energy sector with a broader set of protections and perhaps incentive provisions. However, many IIAs and investor-state tribunals have intermittently overlooked the significance of this standard. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dispute Settlement
  • IIAs
  • Like Circumstances
  • Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN)
  • Renewable Energies
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